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Top Gear’s Richard Hammond challenges an engine powered canoe to a drag race around an ice lake in Iceland. Free auto clip from BBC’s Top Gear.

You have probably noticed that when we walk in all four wheel drive vehicles, the inside wheels travel less than the outer wheel, because these vehicles are equipped with a mechanism called differential. This difference in mechanism reduces the speed of the inner wheel and outer wheel increases, if the vehicle does not skid and facilitate easy rotation. When the vehicle is in motion as the difference skips both wheels at the same speed. Differences have one or the other mechanism of torque to accomplish this task, and torque requirements vary for different types of driving conditions constituency Street, Rock Crawling, dirt racing, driving on ice circular track racing, drag racing, etc.

Different types of deviation for different driving conditions are differentiated create, open differential, inductances, etc. Differential create other categories such as Air Lockers, create positive, full spool, mini rolls, etc. The best and most expensive is differential air lockers but obviously heavy weight. When it comes to racing you need an alternative that is light and full light when the gap coils will use. As the bins are quite expensive air differential, the difference coils all costs represent only a fraction of the air boxes. You can buy a full spool differential for less than $ 100 from durasolid.com and propose any other product on the market when it comes to the quality or aesthetics.

Differential full reel is made from a PC. The solid steel has the advantage of no moving parts and therefore no possibility of losing traction at any time but only suitable for off-road. Only ring bolts, add-supported at both ends and place it in the midsection. In other words, a full spool replaces open carrier with bezel kit or cabinet I / Posi air locker or locker. Extra tire wear is the main problem with full differential coils, but the extra power and effortless movement to go sideways in traffic or on a rainy day kicks the fan who is now the cost of bad used tires. Very few people want to spend about $ 800 in the air register and still carry the extra weight can contribute much to the full difference to the coils.

Durasolid makes these spools out of Chrome Moly Steel , heat treats them twice and make sure to take out every bit of extra material thus reduce weight and make sure that the product looks highly appealing with its special coating.

Caution: It is recommended to use full spools with large tires and high horse power trucks.

Richard Nixon was born on 9 January 1913 in Yorba Linda, Orange County, California. He won scholarships to both Harvard and Yale but due to lack of finances he was forced to decline them. He instead enrolled in a local Quaker college, Whittier College where he was a model student. In 1934 he graduated second in his class and entered Duke University School of Law, North Carolina. He returned to California in 1937 and was admitted to the Bar, working for the law offices of Wingert and Bewley, he became a full partner in the firm in 1938. He was commissioned in the United States Navy in August 1942, he was assigned as the naval passenger control officer for the South Pacific Combat Air Transport Command. He received two service stars, although he did not see any combat action; he made lieutenant commander in October 1945 and resigned his commission on 1 January 1946. He ran for and was elected to the Unites States House of Representatives in the November 1946 elections. He first came to national recognition when his investigation of the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) broke the impasse in the Alger Hiss case. Nixon became polarised in the American consciousness, he was a hero to Roosevelt’s enemies but an enemy to Rossevelt’s supporters because Hiss had been an advisor to FDR. In the 1950 elections, Nixon was elected to the Senate defeating the Democratic representative in a historic landslide. Due to his strong anti-communist stance, Eisenhower selected him to be the Vice-Presidential candidate at the Republican National Convention in July 1952.

During the campaign he was accused by the New York Post of accepting private donations, a claim that he strenuously denied. The Republicans won the ticket, Nixon broadened the scope of the post. In 1960, he launched his campaign for President of the United States of America. His Democratic challenger was John F. Kennedy. The race was close, becoming defined by the first televised presidential debates, Nixon was recovering from illness and appeared uncomfortable in comparison to the composed JFK, however many people listening on radio considered Nixon to be the winner. Kennedy amid accusations of electoral fraud, won with the most meagre of margins. Nixon returned to California, practiced law and wrote the best selling political memoir Six Crises. He ran for Governor of California in 1962, losing to Pat Brown and leading to many to write off his political career. However, he re -entered the arena, throwing his hat into the ring for the 1968 Presidential campaign. He modelled himself as a figure of stability, appealing to socially conservative Americans, pitting himself against the hippie counterculture, he won the nomination. He then attacked the Democrats on charges of allowing the United States to lose their nuclear superiority, he also promised that he would end the Vietnam War. He won, completing a memorable comeback from the political wilderness. He set out to develop relations with China, pursue arms control agreements with the Soviet Union, activate a peace process in the Middle East, ensure that US inflation was curbed and implement welfare reform. However, his most pressing task was to tackle the Vietnam War.

He approved a secret bombing campaign of Cambodia with the intention of destroying the headquarters of the National Front for the Liberation of Vietnam. He followed this with implementing the Nixon doctrine, which was a strategy of replacing American troops with Vietnamese troops in Vietnam. His further bombing campaigns in Laos and Cambodia led to widespread protests at home. He was re-elected President in the 1972 campaign in one of the biggest landslides in American political history. Nixon had an aggressive foreign policy that included successes with the Soviet Union, China and the Middle East but he was dogged by a weak national economy and domestic protests over the continued war in Vietnam. After his 1972 re-election, his administration was consumed by the Watergate scandal, named after the hotel and office complex where burglars hired by Nixon’s re-election campaign were caught in a sloppy attempt to bug the offices of the Democratic National Convention. Nixon played down the scandal as mere politics and his administration denounced the story as misleading, however the FBI confirmed the allegations, senior aides began resigning and many faced prosecution. Losing political support by the day and facing almost certain impeachment, Nixon resigned his post on August 9, 1974; however, he never admitted to criminal wrongdoing, only conceding he made errors of judgment. On 8 September, 1974 President Ford granted an absolute pardon to Nixon, ending any possibility of indictment. Nixon moved back to California to write his memoirs and was variously consulted on a private basis by his successors but his standing as a disgraced President continued to dog him.

In 1977, he began to embark on a public relations comeback effort, meeting with British journalist David Frost who paid him six hundred thousand dollars for a series of sit-down interviews. The first of his ten books that he authored in his retirement was published at this time, enabling Nixon to emerge from his seclusion to embark on book tours. He later embarked on tours to Egypt, Soviet Union, Japan and China. He gained respect as an elder statesman in the arena of foreign affairs and was consulted by both Democratic and Republican successors to the Presidency. No American President served as long in national office as Nixon did, he appeared on the Republican party’s Presidential ticket five times, secured the Republican nomination three times and was elected twice to the office of President and Vice-President. Along with Ronald Reagan, he was the chief builder of the modern Republican party. He was instrumental in expelling the Soviet Union from the Middle East, he initiated formal relations with China and improved relations with the Soviet Union. Domestically he decentralised government by revenue sharing, ended school segregation, ended the gold standard, reduced the crime rate and pioneered environmental policies. However, his policies in Vietnam remain contentious; his principal electoral mandate had been to end the war. He did authorise the gradual withdrawal of the 500,000 American troops from South Vietnam but the war continued to drag on. Some assert that Nixon sold out the South Vietnamese government, others argue that his he needlessly prolonged the war by negotiating conditions that were advantageous to United States objectives that never has any possibility of being achieved.

THE STIG at his best. watch him drift and sometime drive some of the best cars in the world from the ENZO FERRARI, LAMBORGHINI GALLARDO and FORD GT!!! compare lap times, speed, spec etc. watch for the drag race at the end, EPIC!!!

GTA IV – Pointless moped racing but it was fun That stupid lamp post cost me the race!

Anyone who is a fan of the Corvette knows the name John Lingenfelter. His accomplishments went from the drag strip to the way he redefined tuning GM vehicles, especially Corvettes. His love for speed and power led to many great one of a kind builds and today Lingenfelter is remembered for one word; speed.

But for all the speed he was able to produce out of his custom tuned vehicles he always made sure that they never lost their ability to be a daily driver. He felt that you should not only be able to have a blazing fast car, but one that was practical as well. In what has proven to be a fitting tribute to the legend, the company that he started called Lingenfelter Performance Engineering (LPE) built a Corvette that is practically capable of flying to the moon or just going to the corner store in.

The 2006 Lingenfelter Corvette Z06 427 Twin Turbo is a flat out speed demon that is capable of speeds that are simply absurd by any standards. This twin turbo monster is capable of putting 1100 horsepower to the rear wheels using 93 octane gasoline and if you really want that extra push simply fill it with racing fuel that is 23 psi boost and you get a car that is capable of 1300 horsepower. These numbers represent about double of what the new Corvette ZR1 can push out.

The engine is a typical LS7 that was specially built by the team at LPE and it sports many forged internal parts and a custom aluminum intake. The turbos are from Borg Warner and help this Corvette reach speeds that were previously thought to be impossible.

Because the car went so fast around the test track there was no real way of figuring in top speed, but the experts estimate it to be over 300 miles per hour. In going zero to 200 miles per hour this rocket was clocked at a mere 18.34 seconds. The ultra Vette did a standing mile in 25.12 seconds with top speeds of 226.25 miles per hour. For all its speed and power you would expect this to be a race track only car.

That line of thinking however is wrong as in true Lingenfelter fashion this Corvette could be a daily driver if so desired. The custom Z06 features the standard Michelin Pilot Sport PS2 tires, fully running air conditioning, and a full interior with stock seats. The seats did receive an upgrade however with the addition of five point harnesses. Also added for the occupants protection was a six point roll bar. Talk about one hot grocery getter.

When watching this Corvette scream down the track you can’t help but think that Lingenfelter is somewhere smiling and enjoying every second of it. Only could a name such as Lingenfelter be associated with such a mean machine. One thing is for sure, the people at LPE sure did their founder justice with the creation of this very special 2006 Corvette Z06 427 twin turbo.

INSPIRATIONAL, MOTIVATION & LIBERATIONAL QUOTES FAILURE, MISTAKES CHALLENGES & ENDURANCE

You are where you are, because that is where you plan to be through your practical action             – Anonymous – Anonymous A man who won the battle never quitted when the battle was going tough  -  Sesan Until you believe in yourself, you won’t believe in your future success  -  Anonymous Proper preparation prevents poor performance             -  Anonymous Failure to plan is plan in to fail   -  E. A. Adeboye Success is getting up one more than you fall                         -  Bill Newman It is not what happens but how you handle what happens to you makes the difference   -  Bill Newman Always remember Failure is an event never a person; an attitude, not an outcome. It is a stepping stone teaching you something and adding to your experience  – Bill Newman My great concern is not whether you have failed but whether you are content with your failure             -   Abraham Lincoln It’s not where you come from – it’s where you are going that counts. Where you come from is not as important as where you are going              -  Bill Newman Past failures are guide pests to future success            – Bill Newman Failure is in a sense, the highway to success in as much and every discovery of what is false leads us to seek earnestly after. Mistakes mark the road to success. He who makes no mistakes makes no progress – Bill Newman It doesn’t matter where we start only where we finish. Often it is not the wrong start but the winning stop that makes the difference between success and failure It is not what you have lost but what you have left that counts            -  Bill Newman Men don’t fail, they give up trying in trying time            – Bill Newman If you want the rainbow you have to endure the rain    -  Bill Newman It is better to fail gallantly being yourself that succeeding being another person   -  Anonymous Not all who seem to fail have failed indeed. Not all who fails have therefore worked in vain  – Anonymous Success is failure turned inside out            -  Anonymous Great achievers of old were people who attempted difficult things and who overcame tough time    -  Anonymous You need to go through the pains to be promoted. No cross, No crown, No pain, No gain. The man who would tell the story of the battle never died at the battle field  FOCUS & DETERMINATION

 It is true that tough times came for everyone but it is also true that the source of most tough times is lack of direction             -            Anonymous

A 100% commitment to one goal is more than twice as good as a 50% commitment to two goals            -  Bill Newman This is one thing I do, not these fifty things I dribble in            -  Bill Newman Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety – nine percent perspiration  -  Thomas Alva Edison If your determination is fixed, I don’t counsel you to despair. Few things are impossible to diligence and skill – Great works are performed not by strength, but perseverance            – Samuel Johnson -   Denis Waitley Success is a journey and not a destination             – Anonymous – Bill Newman The tragedy of life doesn’t lie in not reaching your goal, the tragedy lies in having no goal to reach            – Bill Newman Better to die for something than living for nothing            – Bill Newman The Strategy befalls a man is running nothing            – Bill Newman

X         Many people look allied, some look back, but most look confused            – Anonymous

Goals cannot be properly pursued without action plan laid out to give direction and focus on area of concentration            -  Anonymous Many people look ahead some look back but, most look confused             – Anonymous – Sesan Your destination determines your direction. Always make your journey with a MAP ROAD. You’ve got to get up every morning with determination if you’re going to go to be with satisfaction            – George Lorimer

DREAMS, VISIONS & GOALS

Great success is a product of foresight and forthrightness in pursuing a set goal            – Anonymous Great men and women of the past and contemporary, who were successful in each academics, businesses and inventions, were men and women of Dreams & Visions            – Anonymous Every success starts with dreaming of ambition             – Anonymous The successful man must be an individualist who can think and act independly Success is not a product of chance, destiny, luck, it depends on how you work it out. Success is a product you must be ready to get             – Anonymous Your destination determines your direction, your action must be relevant to your goal            – Anonymous Don’t waste your life you only have one life give it your best short                 – Bill Newman Obstacles are what you see when you take off the goals – Bill Newman One thing you cannot recycle is wasted time. A waste of time is never waste of life. Lost  time is again            – Bill Newman Where there is no faith in the future, there is no work in the present. Almost everything comes from almost nothing – john Mason Adequate planning is always essential before progress can be made in any area of human endeavour .            – Anonymous When you live without goals you live like goats            -Sesan Where you are going determines the direction you are going            – Ofem Your goals are the road maps that guide you and show you what is possible for your life             – Les Brown Without goals, and plans to reach them, you are like a ship that has self sail with no destination             – Fitzhugh Dodson To solve a problem or to reach a goa, you don’t need to know all the answers in advance. But you must have a clear idea of the problem or the goal you want to reach            – W. Clement Stone If you don’t know where you are going, you will probably end to somewhere else             – Lewis Carrol – Greg Anderson

ACTION, PLANNING & DISCIPLINE

Without plotting there will be no harvesting, success is the precious harvest of great dreams with diligent action            – Anonymous If you don’t make a move, you wont make a dime            – Anonymous You cannot achieve God’s plan for your life unless you will put yourself in His plan            – Anonymous A man’s desire is achieved by practical action            – Anonymous A man who cannot follow a leader intelligently cannot become an efficient leader            – Napoleon Hill The sad of the diligent shall be made fat            – King Solomon Success is not a product of chance, destiny, luck, it depends on how you work it out. Success is a product you must be ready to get.             – Anonymous Undecision to your great determination is a great disease that kills your success slowly               – Anonymous – Ofem Knowledge is not power, but potential power. Practical and applied knowledge is power indeed which attracts your success            – Sesan People never know the diamond in you until you display if through practical action            – Ofem Goals cannot be properly pursued without action plans laid out to give direction and focus on areas of conservation A man who cannot read good books has no advantages over a man who cannot read at all            – Anonymous Your past cannot be changed but you can change tomorrow by your actions today            – Bill Newman If you put off everything until you are sure of it, you will get nothing done            – Bill Newman  These is nothing as sad as the people who spend their lives for their ship to come in when they never send one out            – Bill Newman The people of uncertain terms, they are going to get started tomorrow and tomorrow…………. Success comes by starting with something you have, and not what you don’t have            – Anonymous No degree of excuses can justify the degree of procrastination            – Sesan Great faith always involves great trials            – Albert Benjamin Simpson Ideas wont work unless you do it            – Bill Newman Great achievement starts with starting with small beginning                     – Sesan He who loves to lead must love to labour            – Anonymous Outstanding performance comes by reaching out to what others see as impossible            – Anonymous One way to stand head and shoulders above the crowd is to choose to do regular, ordinary things with extra ordinary and supernatural way with great enthusisasm            – John Mason Precious stones do not lie on the surface of the earth – The winners dig deep down to get them. A consistent step after another, the longest journey is ended               – Sesan There is no joy in victory without  action            – Bill Newman Action may not always being happiness; but there is no happiness without action            – Benjamin Wieder Success seems to be connected to action, success people keep moving. They make mistakes but they don’t quit            – Conrad Hilton Discipline is the refining fire by which talent becomes ability            – Bill Newman A man must suffer one of the two things. A pair of discipline or a pain of regret             – Anonymous The best things in life don’t come easy. They may come free, but not easy! Setting and waiting wont put a fish on a table            – Anonymous You wont catch a fish, until you draw your nod into the river            – Ofem Persistence drives the nails of success            – Anonymous The best way to be ahead is to go ahead            – Ofem What the New year brings us will depend a great deal on what we bring to the New Year Eni maa je mundun, a jowo egungun

 20 LAWS OF SUCCESS & GREAT ACHIEVEMENTS

 What I say has a reflection effect to what believe; what believe has a reflected effect to who am I. I would rather choose to say positive things to my life daily           

 - Sesan

Success is just a little after the splat            – Anonymous

Great achievement are neither be achieved by never falling, nor by falling and never rising             – Ofem There is no joy in victory without running a race of defeit            – Bill Newman It is true if you don’t draw your  net from the river, you wont catch a fish. Success comes to those who finish it            – Ofem Opportunity never come to those who wait, they are captured by those who dare to attack            – Bill Newman In life, for you to get your success, you must have stumbling blocks on your ways but conquer them and do not let them drag you down             – Anonymous There is no speed limit on the road to success            – Anonymous Success is the man who does today what others see are thieving to do tomorrow            – Anonymous Fear of failure is none destructive than a poisonous food            – Sesan Fear of failure is the father of failures  Don’t get discouraged because of the early get back, it is called the time of learning. You must be ready to learn            – Anonymous Don’t be afraid to start something and don’t be ashamed to fail. It is wise try again after missing the target the previous time. Great achievements is usually the product of great difficulties One’s best success comes after their greatest disappointments            – Henry Ward Brechure Success is not the key to success. Happiness is the key to success. If you love what you are doing, you will be successful             – Albert Schweiter I believe that the true road to preeminent success in any life is to make yourself master of the live            – Andrew Carnegie Many of life’s failures are people who did not realize how close they were to success when they gave up            – Thomas Edison I would rather lose in a cause that will someday run, than win in a cause that will some day lose!                 – Woodrow T. Wilson It takes 20 years to make an overnight success             – Eddie Centor It is a clear defeat to say I can’t. It is a coward’s doubt to say I may. It is a champions decision to say I CAN            – Anonymous

PROVERBS AND MEANING

1)                  A bad worker always quarrels with his tools

Meaning: A bad worker often gives unnecessary excuses for doing bad work

A loaf of bread is better than none

            Meaning: To have a little is better to have nothing

As you make your bed so you lie on it

            Meaning: You will harvest the fruits of your doing

A rolling stone gathers no mess

            Meaning: To be unsteady in things we do will never lead to success

All that glitters is not gold

            Meaning: Things are not what they appear to be

A bird in hand is worth two in the bush

Meaning: To have little thing in hand is more valuable than the big one we hope to get

A tree does not make a Forest

            Meaning: A thing is made up of many parts

A friend in need is a friend indeed

            Meaning: A true friend helps his friends in the time of need

A hungry man is an angry man

            Meaning: Anger makes people act unreasonably and irresponsibly

A friend to all is a friend to none

            Meaning: To be ticklish and unsteady

Better late than never

            Meaning: Absence is worse than lateness

Brick by brick a house is built

            Meaning: A great achievement is realized little by little

Cut your coat according to your cloth

            Meaning: Live your life according to your income.

Dead men don’t bite

            Meaning: Weak people are not feared.

Don’t kill the goose that lays golden egg

             Meaning: It is a tolly to block our means of livelihood.

Don’t carry all your eggs in one basket

            Meaning: It is better to have more than one way of making money.

Delay is dangerous        

            Meaning: To do something at night is beneficial

Early to bed, early to rise.

            Meaning: Punctuality or doing things in the right time is profitable.

East to west, home is the best

            Meaning: There is no better place than our homes.

Experience is the best teacher.

            Meaning: It is easily to learn from what we, hear, touch, taste and feel.

Every disappointment is a blessing.

            Meaning: One learns from one’s failure or misfortunes.

Examples are better than precepts.                     

            Meaning: We believe more of what we see than what we hear.

Empty vessels make the most noise.

            Meaning: Those who have or know little often boast and shout most.

Eat to live but don’t live to eat.

            Meaning: Have a purpose in your life and work to achieve it  

Enough is enough.

Meaning: Don’t overact, be moderate.

He who laughs last laughs best.

Meaning patience brings great reward.

He who eats with the devil must use a long spoon.

            Meaning: We must be very cautious while dealing with those we trust.

It wishes were horses beggars would ride.

Meaning: It all we need we would come true everybody would be very rich.

Let the sleeping dog lie.

Meaning: Do not cause trouble by recalling past disputes.

Man is never too old to learn.

            Meaning: People keep on learning everyday.

New brooms sweep cleans.

            Meaning: Newly employed workers always put in their best.

Out of the fry pan into the fire

            Meaning: Making a poor situation worse.

One’s man food is another man’s poison.

            Meaning: Likes, dislikes and tastes differ among people.

Old birds are not caught with chaff

            Meaning: Experienced people are not easily deceived.

Punctuality is the soul of business.

            Meaning: Punctuality and delication to duty are keys to success.

Practice makes perfect.

            Meaning: Continuous repetition of a skill leads to success.

Prevention is better than cure.

            Meaning: Avoid trouble or danger.

Rome was not build in a day.

            Meaning: It takes a times to achieve great things .   

Still waters run deep

            Meaning: People who are often quiet are dangerous

Two wrongs cannot make a right

            Meaning: An evil cannot be corrected with evil

There is no smoke without fire

            Meaning: Every event must have a cause

Those who live in glass houses should not throw stone

            Meaning: People with blemish should not find fault

Too many cooks spoil the broth

            Meaning: Too many opinions cause set back

Unity is strength

            Meaning: Teamwork is very rewarding

United we stand, divided we fall

            Meaning: Group work brings great reward

Where there is will there is a way

            Meaning: Making up our minds to do what we want to brings success

When the cat is away the mouse governs the house

            Meaning: The servant rules the house when his master is away

You cannot cat your cake have it.

            Meaning: What you have spent cannot be unspent. We experience profit and loss

You can take a horse to the stream but you can’t force it to drink

            Meaning: One cannot do everything for someone. Everything has a limit

THE NAMES OF GREAT MENTOR OF THE PAST WITH THEIR NAMES AND THE GREAT INVESTORS AND THEIR INVENTIONS.

            INVENTIONS   & INVESTORS 1)         Aero plane                                                                Wilbur Wright

2)                  Air Condition                                                                    Willis Carrier

3)                  Automatic Gun                                                 Hiram Stephen Maxwell

4)                  Electricity, Dynamo and

Electric Transformer                                                      Michael Faraday

5)                  Gun powder                                            Roger Bacon

6)                  Locomotive (Train)                                    George Stephenson

7)                  Lightning Conductor                                 Benjamin Franklin

8)                  Microphone                                               David Edward Hughes

9)                  Motor Car                                                    Carl Benz

10)              Printing Machine                                         John Gutenberg

11)              Photography                                               Joseph Niepce

12)              Badin                                                                           Marches Marcum

13)              Stream Engine                                                              James Watt

14)              Safety Lamp                                                               Sir Humphrey Davy

15)              Steel                                                                             Sir Henry Bessemer

16)              Television Set                                                              John L. Baird

17)              Telephone                                                                   Alexander G. Bell

18)              Wireless Telegraph                                              Marches G. Marconi          

19)              Weaving Machine (Power Loom)                          Edmund Cartwright

20)              X-Ray Machine                                                          Wilhelm Roentgen

CURRENCIES AND PLACES (COUNTRIES)  

            CURRENCY                                                 COUNTRIES

1)                  K                                                                     Costa Rica, El Salvador

2)                  O                                                                     Nicaragua

3)                  Dollar                                                               USA, Canada, Australia

4)                  Euro                                                     France, Austria, Belgium, Germany

5)                  Franc                                                               France, Switzerland

6)                  Naira                                                                Nigeria

7)                  Peru                                                                 Mexico

8)                  Ruble                                                               Russia

9)                  Rand                                                                South Africa

10)              Sterling                                                 Britain, New Zealand

HISTORY OF NIGERIA (EVENT & ESTABLISHMENTS)

The Arabs entered Nigeria through the North early in 14th century, while European entered Nigeria through the Ocean-Lagos, Calabar in 18th Century In 1450 Arabic Schools were established in Sokoto, Kano and Kaduna In 1859, the CMS Grammar School was established in Lagos In 1796, River Niger was discovered by Manijo Park in Nigeria and died in 1805 t Bussa on the river In 1864, English Bible was translated into Yoruba by Bishop Samuel Ajayi Crowther who died in 1891 The first main truck road was constructed in 1905 Ibadan/Oyo road. Nigeria was amalgated in 1st January 1914 by Sir. Lord Frederick Lugard Construction of Railway link commenced in Nigeria in 1914 The First World War was taken place between 1914-1919. While the second World War was in 1945. In 1955, Chief Obafemi Awolowo introduced Free Primary Education in Western Nigeria. Queen Elizabeth visited Nigeria on Tuesday 14th February 1956 In 1958, The Central Bank of Nigeria was established and opened for business in 1st June, 1959 In October 1st 1960. Nigeria became an Independent Country and a Republican in 1963. The First Nigerian President was Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe. He was elected in October 1960 and died on 21st May, 1996. Chief Obafemi Awolowo was born at Ikenne Ogun State on 6th March, 1903 and died 1987. In October 1963 Sir. Abubakar Tafawa Balewa was elected the First Nigerian Prime Ministers and killed during the First Military Coup in January 1966 Lagos was created on May 27, 1967.

We went to a 2X dB Drag / Bass Race in Miamisburg, Ohio put on by Extreme Sound Productions. Many of our Team Maxxsonics members answered the call and showed up to support the event. We raffled off some cool products, caught some great demos on tape and made some new friends. We saw Hifonics , MB Quart and Autotek speakers , subs and amps in action. Mike Stiers Powered by Maxxsonics MB Quart Hifonics Crunch Autotek

“The Race Is On” Sawyer Brown

Engine Performance Parts improve supercharger performance…

I am compiling a guide on information on how to pick the exact engine performance parts to fit your target power requirements. Basically I want to eliminate all the guess work out of tuning and save you some money from having to do things over and over again.

While I was doing research for ‘buying the right intercooler’ I got lost, honestly. There are two types of information you will find out there:

1-One class of articles is written by engineers talking about pressure differentials, thermal efficiencies, enthalpy and multi variable equations that are very remotely related to flow, horsepower, torque, supercharger rpm or other things that we KNOW that we can use as an input to our equations. (Basically this science needs to be translated to layman’s terms)

2-The other class is a group of random trial and error advice by enthusiasts, press releases and other materials that you find online.

Here’s what we do know:

First let’s talk about how intercoolers work. There is some debate about whether the intercooler is like a heat sink whose function is to absorb thermal energy from the incoming air to prevent the heat from reaching the engine, or whether the intercooler is like a radiator, where the air flow over the intercooler is responsible for extracting heat from the inlet air charge.

The true answer is both are correct…

The air running through the intercooler spends very little time inside the intercooler and slowing it down for more thermal exchange (like we would coolant in the radiator) would mean preventing air from reaching the engine which is a restriction on power. Because the air spends little time in the intercooler, the intercooler usually has multiple passages, internal ribs, and fins inside of it to maximize the surface area contact between the intercooler aluminum and the compressed air molecules. In this sense, the overall volume of the intercooler, and the overall surface area of its internal surfaces are like a heat sink that absorbs the heat energy out of the compressed air. In this aspect it makes sense that the larger our intercooler, the better. Furthermore it also makes sense, that the more complex and intricate the internal passages of our core, the more heat we will be able to extract out of the charge air. Of course the flipside of this is that very complex internal passages can create turbulence and restrict airflow so ultimately there is a balance in good design between internal complexity and flow capacity.

When we start out, the intercooler is cold, and with our first power run, as the hot compressed air runs through the intercooler, the heat is transferred to our heat sink (which is the intercooler) and nice cool air is left to enter the engine. After the first run, the intercooler is warm; and if we were to make a second power run back to back, the intercooler will not be able to SINK much heat because it is already somewhat heated. This is where the intercooler as a radiator comes in, the heat that was transferred from the air to the intercooler core, needs to be taken away either by cross flowing air in an air to air intercooler, or by cooling fluid in an air to water intercooler, or even by an ice-water bath for drag racing applications. Without harvesting the heat that the intercooler has absorbed out of the compressed air, the intercooler will heat up run after run until its temperature is the same as the compressed air heating it. At this point there is no temperature difference between the air and the intercooler core and we can no longer SINK any heat.

Some cars have their intercoolers located under the car’s hood (like the Mazda Sentia / 626). In this kind of installation the intercooler is mostly a heat sink and will be used for a few passes till it soaks, once it soaks it needs to be left to cool till it returns to under hood temperatures before it can be effective again as an intercooler. From this we gather, that any intercooler no matter how small, or poorly placed is better than no intercooler because at least for that first power run it will potentially increase horsepower.

Now I’d like you to keep this information in mind while we talk about intercooler dimensions…

There are three main dimensions to the intercooler, the height (H), width (W) and (D) depth and based on that there are some physical concepts that we want to think about:

Cross Sectional Area:

Height x Depth = the cross section of the intercooler and is related to how well the intercooler will flow and whether or not it poses a restriction to the intake flow. This is the area of the surface facing the compressed air as it travels through the intercooler. Just like free flowing intakes, throttle bodies, and exhausts, if this area is undersized it will pose a flow restriction and reduce performance.

Width:

Width = the length of the intercooler and if you have a same side inlet/outlet intercooler then your intercooler length is effectively 2*W. This is the distance the air has to travel through the turbulent and complex intercooler core. The longer this length is, the more pressure drop there is in the intercooler so it’s not advisable to have too wide an intercooler because we’d be waste turbocharger compression in intercooler pressure drop, neither is it advisable to have a same side inlet/outlet intercooler where the air has to travel a long distance in the core.

Frontal Area:

Width x Height = frontal area of the intercooler which faces the incoming ambient air, a good sized frontal area is required to ensure that the intercooler doesn’t heat soak and that the rushing air stream is able to cool the intercooler efficiently (like a radiator) for you to be able to make back to back power runs. As we increase this area, we expect the intercooler to have better control over its peak operating temperature and have better repeatability no matter how long we stay in boost (good for standing mile races for example or all day road racing events).

Depth:

Depth = the depth of the intercooler, usually the intercooler is front mounted in front of the radiator… if you increase the depth too much (and especially without proper air ducting to the intercooler and airfoils between the intercooler and radiator) then you may slow down the incoming ambient air enough that your radiator starts overheating. So increasing D gives us better intercooler performance and more flow capacity (H*D is the cross sectional area mentioned above) but it reduces engine cooling efficiency so it must also be controlled.

Last but not least:

Total Volume:

Height x Width x Depth = the total volume of the intercooler, which is an indirect measure of the internal surface area of the intercooler. The larger the volume, the larger the heat exchange surface area, the more heat we can sink out of the air in an extremely short period of time (the 100 milliseconds or so that the air spends inside the core). Obviously the bigger the volume, the better the cooling and the worse for pressure drop. Again this number needs to be controlled.

How do I know if the intercooler I have now is adequate?

Intercooler efficiency can be tested in two ways:

1-Thermal performance

a.Measure the temperature difference between the intercooler inlet air and intercooler outlet air and use this delta T to compare between the intercoolers you have available to you. The best intercoolers out there can drop air temperature by over 100*F and get you within 20* of ambient air temperatures. If your factory intercooler can already accomplish similar results then there may be no need to upgrade.

b.Track the temperature of your intercooler in a prolonged power run, or on back to back power runs. The design and placement of the intercooler should be adequate that the temperature rise over time (with say 60+mph air hitting the intercooler) should be controlled, if the temperature rise is too steep then you may need a better ‘radiating’ core with more frontal area, better air guides and air foils, and better placement with high pressure air in front and low pressure air behind it… we’ll explain more about this later.

2-Flow performance

a.Measure the flow through the intercooler core at 28″ of water (standard for most flow meters), or measure the overall intercooler pressure drop at the flow rate required by your target horsepower. If the intercooler is on the car, measure the differential pressure across your intercooler at peak hp figures.

The best intercoolers will have less than 1psi of pressure drop (typically 0.5 to 0.9psi) at peak boost and horsepower. If your intercooler is within these power figures then there may not be any need to upgrade.

Now going back to selecting the best sized intercooler for your application, it would be very tough for me to figure out the exact math of how to optimize your intercooler size, and then I would have to translate that math to ‘car terms’ of power, inlet air temps, supercharger outlet temps, pressure ratios and boost pressures…etc

Here is another solution; one thing engineers like to do in dealing with this kind of a problem plotting statistical data on a chart and looking for some trends…

I found some 30 different intercoolers online with either flow tests (CFM), or Dyno tests (HP) or both, and since we know that it takes roughly 1.5 CFM of air to produce 1 HP (depending on density) then I combined both sets of data both for flow tested OEM intercoolers and for aftermarket ‘engineered’ intercoolers to produce the following graphs:

Flow in CFM vs. Cross Sectional Area trend:

Flow (CFM) = 11.63 * Cross sectional area (square inches) - 12.84

This is a plot of flow in CFM (vertical) vs. cross sectional area (squared inches) for the 30 cores that I had data for. As you can see there is a linear relationship between flow and area which is expected. So we can use this as a guideline to figure out (for a given depth D) of available cores, what the minimum height of our intercooler must be to get good flow performance.

One thing to note here is that these flow measurements were taken at 28″ of water pressure or 1psi. As we know from supercharger theory, the more boost pressure (and the higher the pressure ratio) the more compressed the air is. Air at 15psi of boost is actually half of its volume compared to 0psi (or 1psi). So making 700hp (1050 CFM) @ 15psi (on a 3.5 liter 6 cylinder for example) may require only 42 squared inches of cross sectional area (because the air is at half its original size) whereas making 700hp (1050 CFM) @ 3psi (on a 7.0 liter 8 cylinder for example) may need a larger 91 squared inches of cross sectional area. So make sure you factor in your pressure ratio before choosing your cross sectional area.

Here’s my second trend:

Horsepower (hp) = 0.533 * intercooler volume (cubic inches) + 50.17

This is a plot of horsepower (vertical) vs. total core volume (cubic inches) for the 30 cores that I had data for. As you can see there is a linear relationship between horsepower and volume which is expected. The more horsepower we want to make, the more air we need to ingest. The more air mass there is; the more energy that mass can carry (at the same temperature compared to a smaller mass) and thus the more intercooler core we need to sink that energy into our intercooler.

I think between these two charts it becomes now possible to go back to my ‘twin-charged’ Toyota Celica and say:

I wanted to make a peak of 320hp @ 20 psi. That equates to 480 CFM @ 2.36 Pressure ratio.

Starting with a standard 3″ deep intercooler core, let me figure out my other 2 dimensions:

Minimum cross area = ((480/2.36) + 12.84) /11.63 = 18 square inches = D*H

Intercooler height = 18 / 3 = 6″

Total volume = (320 – 50.17)/0.533 = 506 cubic inches.

Intercooler width = 506/18 = 28″

So my ideal core size seems to be 28″ X 6″ X 3″ which is a pretty reasonably sized front mount intercooler.

Now 28″ is a reasonable intercooler width for pressure drop. If this figure were too large I would go back and use a 3.5″ deep core for example. Likewise, if my intercooler height of 6″ would not fit behind my bumper I could go back and increase depth slightly and redo the calculations.

Pressure drop across the intercooler is really important to track for a supercharged car because unlike a turbocharger, we can’t just increase boost pressure with a boost controller, we are limited with superchargers to the gearing we have available in our supercharger pulley. So wasting any of this boost is really bad for performance. This is why it’s really essential to neither undersize the intercooler to choke off the engine, nor to oversize it as to create a big pressure drop.